Gortyna
Gortyna (also spelled Gortyn or Gortys) was an ancient city on the island of Crete, in present-day Greece. It was located in the Messara Plain in the south-central part of the island, near the modern village of Agioi Deka, about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Heraklion (Iraklio). Gortyna flourished under Roman rule and became the capital of the Roman province of Crete and Cyrenaica.
History:
Gortyna's history stretches back to Neolithic times, though significant settlement began with the Minoan civilization. The city grew in prominence after the decline of Knossos in the early 1st millennium BC, becoming the dominant power on Crete. It famously allied with Rome in 67 BC and was rewarded with the status of capital of the Roman province. Gortyna remained a major center throughout the Roman and early Byzantine periods. It was eventually destroyed by an earthquake in 828 AD, leading to its abandonment and the subsequent rise of nearby Chandax (modern Heraklion).
Archaeological Significance:
The archaeological site of Gortyna is extensive and includes remnants from various periods. Significant finds include:
-
The Gortyn Code: One of the oldest and most complete surviving law codes of ancient Greece, inscribed on stone blocks in the 5th century BC. The code provides invaluable insight into the legal and social practices of Dorian Crete.
-
The Praetorium: The Roman governor's residence, a massive complex showcasing Roman architectural grandeur.
-
The Temple of Apollo Pythios: A significant religious structure dedicated to Apollo.
-
The Church of Agios Titos: A 6th-century AD basilica dedicated to Saint Titus, a disciple of Paul the Apostle, who is believed to have preached in Gortyna.
-
The Odeon: A small Roman theatre.
-
The Baths: Roman public baths.
Importance:
Gortyna is significant for its historical importance as a major Cretan city-state and later as the Roman capital of Crete and Cyrenaica. The discovery and preservation of the Gortyn Code are particularly important, providing invaluable insight into ancient Greek law and society. The extensive archaeological site continues to be a subject of ongoing research and attracts numerous visitors.