Ghazal

A ghazal is a poetic form consisting of rhyming couplets and a refrain, with each line sharing the same meter. Originating in 7th-century Arabia, it gained prominence in Persian poetry and later spread to other languages including Urdu, Turkish, Hindi, and English.

The ghazal traditionally deals with themes of love, longing, and philosophical contemplation, often expressed with mystical undertones. While themes are prevalent, individual couplets function as independent yet thematically linked statements.

Structure and Key Elements:

• Matla: The opening couplet, where both lines rhyme and share the same refrain.
• Refrain (Radif): A word or phrase repeated at the end of each couplet's second line.
• Rhyme (Qafia): The word or phrase preceding the refrain in each couplet.
• Meter (Behr): Each line in the ghazal adheres to a specific quantitative meter, creating a rhythmic pattern.
• Maqta: The final couplet, which typically includes the poet's name or pen name (takhallus).

Key Characteristics:

• Independence of Couplets: Each couplet should be able to stand alone in meaning, while still contributing to the overall theme.
• Unity: Although the couplets are independent, the ghazal as a whole strives for a thematic unity, even if loosely defined.
• Emotional Intensity: Ghazals often convey intense emotions, ranging from joy and ecstasy to sorrow and despair.
• Ambiguity and Suggestion: The language is often suggestive and metaphorical, leaving room for multiple interpretations.

The ghazal form has been adapted and reinterpreted by contemporary poets, often breaking traditional rules while retaining the essence of the form.