Targim

Targim (plural: Targumim) refers to an Aramaic translation or paraphrase of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh). The Targumim originated in a time when Aramaic had become the common language of the Jews in the Land of Israel and Babylonia, replacing Hebrew as the vernacular. The need arose for oral translations to be rendered during the synagogue service, ensuring that the congregation understood the scriptures as they were read in the original Hebrew.

These translations evolved over time, moving from spontaneous oral interpretations to more standardized written texts. Several Targumim exist for different books of the Tanakh, varying in their literalness and interpretive style. Some Targumim are quite literal translations, while others contain expansions, paraphrases, and interpretations, often reflecting contemporary theological and cultural understandings. These additions include haggadic material, moral lessons, and explanations intended to make the text more accessible and relevant to the audience.

Important Targumim include Targum Onkelos (generally considered the official Targum to the Pentateuch), Targum Jonathan (to the Prophets), and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (another Targum to the Pentateuch, known for its more expansive and legendary content). The study of Targumim provides valuable insights into the history of biblical interpretation, Jewish thought, and the development of Aramaic language and literature. They also offer alternative perspectives on biblical narratives and laws, shedding light on the diverse ways in which the scriptures were understood and applied in different Jewish communities.