Privatier

A Privatier (from French particulier or privé, meaning private) is a private individual who owns and outfits an armed vessel during wartime, authorized by a government to attack and seize enemy shipping. Unlike a pirate, a Privatier operates under a commission, known as a letter of marque or reprisal, issued by a belligerent nation. This commission grants them permission to engage in acts of war against the enemy, and obligates them to adhere to specific rules of engagement and international law.

Key characteristics of a Privatier:

• Commissioned by a Government: They are licensed by a government to act on its behalf during wartime. This distinguishes them from pirates, who operate outside the law.
• Operates Privately Owned Vessels: The vessel and its crew are privately owned and financed, not part of the official navy.
• Legitimate Targets: The primary target is enemy merchant shipping, although they may also engage enemy warships under certain circumstances.
• Subject to Rules of War: They are expected to adhere to rules of engagement, such as avoiding attacks on neutral ships and treating prisoners humanely. Failure to comply can lead to revocation of their commission and prosecution.
• Profit Motivated: While serving a national interest, Privatiers are also motivated by the potential for profit from captured ships and cargo, which are considered prizes.
• Historical Significance: Privateering was a significant aspect of naval warfare from the Middle Ages until the mid-19th century, when it was largely outlawed by the Declaration of Paris in 1856. Nations that signed the Declaration agreed to abolish privateering.
• Prize Courts: Captured ships and cargo were subject to adjudication in prize courts to determine their legitimacy as prizes and to ensure compliance with international law and the terms of the privateer's commission.