Pathalam

Pathalam, also spelled Pathala or Patala, refers to the netherworld or subterranean realm in Hindu cosmology. It is often described as one of the fourteen lokas (realms) or planes of existence, situated below Bhuloka (the Earth) and Bhuvarloka (the atmosphere).

Pathalam is not necessarily synonymous with Hell, although it is often associated with negative qualities and beings. It is primarily described as a vast, subterranean world inhabited by Nagas (serpentine deities), Asuras (demons), Daityas (giants), and other powerful, often malevolent, beings. The realm is often depicted as being opulent and abundant in precious jewels and resources, despite the potentially dangerous inhabitants.

Different Hindu texts offer varying descriptions of Pathalam. Some portray it as consisting of multiple levels or sub-realms, each with its own unique characteristics and inhabitants. Common themes in these descriptions include subterranean oceans, fiery landscapes, and complex, intricate architecture.

The entry to Pathalam is often guarded, and access is typically reserved for those with specific powers or divine sanction. Stories and myths involving Pathalam frequently involve deities or heroes descending into the underworld to confront its inhabitants or retrieve powerful artifacts.

The concept of Pathalam represents the subconscious, the hidden aspects of existence, and the potential for both great power and great danger that lies beneath the surface. It serves as a counterpoint to the higher realms and a reminder of the cyclical nature of creation and destruction.