McCulloch
McCulloch may refer to:
-
Warren McCulloch (1898-1969): An American neurophysiologist and cybernetician known for his pioneering contributions to the field of artificial intelligence. He is best known for his work with Walter Pitts on the McCulloch-Pitts neuron, a simplified mathematical model of the biological neuron that laid the foundation for artificial neural networks. Their paper, "A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943), is considered a seminal work in cognitive science and computer science. McCulloch also made significant contributions to the study of perception and the nervous system.
-
McCulloch-Pitts Neuron: A mathematical model of a biological neuron proposed by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts in 1943. It abstracts the functionality of a neuron as a simple logical threshold unit. The model receives binary inputs, which are summed, and if the sum exceeds a threshold, the neuron "fires" and outputs a binary signal. While a highly simplified representation of a real neuron, the McCulloch-Pitts neuron provided a theoretical basis for constructing complex computational systems using interconnected artificial neurons.
-
Ben McCulloch (1811-1862): A soldier in the Texas Revolution, a Texas Ranger, and a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He led Confederate forces in the Battle of Wilson's Creek in 1861, where he achieved a victory. He was later killed in the Battle of Pea Ridge in 1862.
-
Henry Eustace McCulloch (1816-1895): Brother of Ben McCulloch, also a soldier and Confederate officer. He served in the Texas Revolution and the American Civil War.
-
McCulloch County, Texas: A county located in the U.S. state of Texas. It is named after General Ben McCulloch.
-
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): A landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The court ruled that the U.S. Congress had implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause of Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution to create the Second Bank of the United States, and that the state of Maryland could not tax the bank. The case established the principle of implied powers and strengthened the power of the federal government.