Max Uhle

Max Uhle (1856-1944) was a German archaeologist, often considered the "father of Peruvian archaeology." He is renowned for his pioneering work in establishing a chronological framework for pre-Columbian cultures in the Andes, particularly on the coast of Peru.

Uhle's early training was in zoology and ethnology, but he developed a keen interest in archaeology. He began his archaeological work in South America in the late 19th century, sponsored by the University of Pennsylvania.

His most significant contribution was his application of stratigraphy to archaeological sites. By carefully excavating and analyzing the different layers of soil and artifacts, Uhle was able to demonstrate that cultures like the Inca were not the first to inhabit the region, but rather successors to earlier, distinct civilizations.

Notable excavations conducted by Uhle include those at Pachacamac, Moche, and Ancón. These investigations provided critical evidence for understanding the development of Andean societies over millennia. He identified and distinguished various cultural periods, including the Early Horizon (Chavín), the Early Intermediate Period (Moche, Nazca), the Middle Horizon (Tiahuanaco-Huari), the Late Intermediate Period (Chimú), and the Late Horizon (Inca).

Uhle's work laid the foundation for future archaeological research in the Andes. He published extensively on his findings, making his research accessible to scholars worldwide. Although some of his initial interpretations have been refined by later discoveries, his fundamental contributions to Andean archaeology remain highly valued. He established the importance of systematic excavation, careful documentation, and comparative analysis in the study of ancient cultures.