Lebanese political crisis (2019–present)

The Lebanese political crisis (2019–present) is an ongoing period of socioeconomic and political instability that has deeply impacted Lebanon. It encompasses a confluence of factors including economic collapse, widespread protests against government corruption and mismanagement, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the devastating Beirut port explosion of August 4, 2020.

The crisis is widely considered to have begun in October 2019, triggered by proposed new taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and online voice call services like WhatsApp. These proposals sparked mass demonstrations across the country, reflecting deep-seated frustration with the ruling political elite, sectarian governance, high unemployment, failing public services (such as electricity, water, and waste management), and perceived endemic corruption.

Key events and characteristics of the crisis include:

• Economic Collapse: The Lebanese pound has dramatically devalued, leading to hyperinflation and a banking crisis where citizens have limited access to their savings. This has resulted in widespread poverty and food insecurity.

• Widespread Protests: Protests demanding systemic change and the resignation of the government have been a recurring feature, often met with violence from security forces.

• Government Resignations and Instability: The government of Saad Hariri resigned in October 2019 following the initial wave of protests. Subsequent attempts to form stable governments have been hampered by political gridlock and sectarian divisions. A new government, led by Hassan Diab, resigned in August 2020 following the Beirut port explosion. Najib Mikati eventually formed a government in September 2021, which still faces significant challenges.

• Beirut Port Explosion: The massive explosion at the Port of Beirut exacerbated the existing crisis, causing widespread destruction, loss of life, and further eroding public trust in the government. The investigation into the explosion has been hampered by political interference.

• Political Stalemate: Lebanon's confessional political system, which divides power among different religious sects, has contributed to political paralysis and hindered reforms needed to address the economic crisis. Attempts to implement reforms demanded by international lenders, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), have stalled due to political infighting.

• Increased Emigration: The deteriorating economic and political situation has led to a significant increase in emigration, particularly among young and educated Lebanese citizens.

• Fuel and Electricity Shortages: Severe shortages of fuel and electricity have become commonplace, further disrupting daily life and economic activity.

The Lebanese political crisis continues to evolve, with no clear resolution in sight. The country faces significant challenges in addressing the economic crisis, reforming its political system, and rebuilding trust between the government and the population. International aid and support are crucial, but contingent on the implementation of significant reforms.