John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)

John Hunter (29 August 1737 – 13 March 1821) was a British Royal Navy officer, hydrographer, and colonial administrator. He served as the second Governor of New South Wales, Australia, from 1795 to 1800.

Hunter entered the Royal Navy in 1754 and served in various capacities, including as a midshipman and master's mate. He saw active service during the Seven Years' War. He later became a lieutenant in 1760 and a commander in 1780.

Hunter is particularly notable for his contributions to surveying and cartography. He served as second captain aboard HMS Sirius under Captain Arthur Phillip during the First Fleet voyage to establish the penal colony of New South Wales in 1788. He played a crucial role in surveying Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) and other coastal areas. After the Sirius was wrecked off Norfolk Island in 1790, Hunter found himself stranded there for nearly a year before being rescued.

Following the departure of Arthur Phillip in 1792, and a period of interim administration by others, Hunter was appointed Governor of New South Wales in 1795. His tenure was marked by challenges, including struggles with the New South Wales Corps (the Rum Corps), who wielded significant economic and political power through their control of the rum trade. Hunter attempted to curb their influence but faced resistance. He also focused on exploring the interior of New South Wales and promoting agriculture.

Despite his efforts to govern effectively, Hunter faced criticism and accusations of ineffectiveness. He was recalled to England in 1800. However, he was later exonerated by a court-martial that examined the charges against him.

Hunter continued to serve in the Royal Navy after his governorship, eventually reaching the rank of Vice-Admiral. He died in London in 1821. His writings and charts provide valuable insights into the early years of the colony of New South Wales and his contributions to maritime exploration.