Deiotarus

Deiotarus Philoromaeus (c. 105 BC – 40 BC) was a tetrarch of Galatia in Anatolia. He was a prominent figure in Roman politics during the late Roman Republic, known for his long and complicated relationship with Rome, oscillating between alliance and rebellion.

Born into a Galatian noble family, Deiotarus rose to power through military skill and political acumen. He initially gained Rome's favor by assisting Lucullus in the Third Mithridatic War (73-63 BC), providing troops and supplies. This loyalty earned him the title of "King" and the territory of Armenia Minor after the war.

His relationship with Rome was complex and fraught with challenges. He was accused of plotting against Pompey, though the charges were ultimately dropped. During the Roman Civil War between Julius Caesar and Pompey, Deiotarus initially supported Pompey. After Pompey's defeat, Caesar pardoned Deiotarus, but stripped him of most of his kingdom.

Later, Deiotarus was famously defended by Cicero in a speech titled Pro Deiotaro, delivered in 45 BC, after being accused of plotting to assassinate Caesar. Cicero successfully argued for Deiotarus's innocence and helped restore some of his lost territories.

Following Caesar's assassination, Deiotarus supported Brutus and Cassius against Mark Antony and Octavian. After their defeat, he managed to reconcile with the Second Triumvirate and retain his kingdom until his death around 40 BC.

Deiotarus's reign was significant for Galatia, as he attempted to consolidate his power and maintain stability in a turbulent period. His life provides a valuable insight into the complex dynamics between Rome and its client kingdoms in the late Republic. His legacy is primarily preserved through historical accounts, particularly those written by Roman authors like Cicero.