Airplane

An airplane (also called an aeroplane or simply a plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from an engine, jet engine, or rocket engine. Airplanes are used for a wide variety of purposes, including transportation, recreation, research, and military applications.

Airplanes operate by using their wings to generate lift. The shape of the wing (an airfoil) causes air to flow faster over the top surface than the bottom, creating a difference in air pressure. This pressure difference results in an upward force (lift) that counteracts the force of gravity. The engine provides thrust, which overcomes drag (air resistance) and propels the airplane forward. Control surfaces, such as ailerons, elevators, and rudders, allow the pilot to control the airplane's orientation and direction in flight.

Airplanes are typically categorized by their configuration (e.g., monoplane, biplane), engine type (e.g., piston, turboprop, jet), and purpose (e.g., airliner, fighter, cargo). The design and operation of airplanes are governed by principles of aerodynamics, thermodynamics, and structural engineering. The first sustained, controlled heavier-than-air powered flight was achieved by the Wright brothers in 1903. Since then, airplane technology has advanced rapidly, leading to the development of increasingly sophisticated and capable aircraft.