Xaqani (full name: Afzal ad-Din Badil ibn Ali Najjar Khaghani Shirvani, Persian: افضلالدین بدیل بن علی نجار خاقانی شروانی) (c. 1121/1122 – c. 1190) was a prominent Persian poet of the 12th century, widely regarded as one of the greatest qasida (ode) writers in classical Persian literature.
Born in Shirvan, a historical region largely corresponding to modern-day Azerbaijan, Xaqani received a comprehensive education in various Islamic sciences, including theology, philosophy, astronomy, and medicine, alongside rhetoric and literature. His early poetic talent was recognized, and he soon became a court poet for the Shirvanshahs, the local ruling dynasty.
Xaqani's poetry is renowned for its intricate style, rich vocabulary, and profound intellectual content. He masterfully employed complex metaphors, sophisticated allusions, and highly ornate language, making his works both challenging and rewarding. His qasidas often explored themes of religion, philosophy, ethics, and social commentary, and sometimes included autobiographical elements detailing his life's struggles, travels, and spiritual journey.
Among his most famous works is his collected poems, the Divan, which contains qasidas, ghazals, and rubaiyat. Another significant work is the Tohfat al-Iraqayn (Gift of the Two Iraqs), a lengthy masnavi (rhyming couplet poem) describing his pilgrimage to Mecca and his travels through various regions, including Iraq and other parts of the Islamic world. This work also reflects his critical observations on society and human nature.
Xaqani's life was marked by periods of court favor and disfavor, as well as personal tragedies, including the loss of family members. These experiences often found expression in his deeply emotional and contemplative verses. Despite the difficulties he faced, his literary output remained extensive and influential. He is revered in Persian, Azerbaijani, and other Turkic literary traditions for his unique poetic voice and his significant contributions to the development of Persian classical poetry. His legacy endures through the study and admiration of his sophisticated poetic form and content.