Rollinia is a former genus of flowering plants in the custard apple family, Annonaceae. Historically, it comprised approximately 65 species of trees and shrubs native to tropical Central and South America. However, extensive phylogenetic studies have shown that Rollinia is nested within the genus Annona. As a result, most, if not all, species formerly classified under Rollinia have been reclassified as species of Annona. Despite this taxonomic reclassification, the name "Rollinia" may still be encountered in older literature or in common usage, particularly in reference to its characteristic fruits.
Characteristics: Species formerly in Rollinia are typically small to medium-sized trees or shrubs. Their leaves are simple, alternate, and often have a glossy appearance. The flowers are generally small, greenish-yellow, and can be solitary or in small clusters. The most distinguishing feature of these plants, especially for human use, is their unique fruit. These syncarpous fruits are usually round, ovoid, or heart-shaped, and are covered with distinctive, soft, spiky, or knobby protuberances, giving them a segmented appearance. When ripe, the fruit's skin often turns yellow. The pulp is typically white or yellowish, sweet, creamy, and contains numerous black seeds.
Notable Species (formerly Rollinia):
- Rollinia mucosa (now Annona mucosa): Widely known as "biribá" or "wild sugar apple," this species is the most cultivated and recognized for its edible fruit. The fruit is large, with soft spines or protuberances, and has a sweet, custardy, slightly acidic pulp.
- Rollinia deliciosa (often considered a synonym of Annona mucosa): Another term used for the biribá.
- Rollinia emarginata (now Annona emarginata): A species native to Brazil, also known for its edible fruit.
Distribution and Habitat: Species formerly of Rollinia are native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, extending from Mexico and Central America south through Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. They typically thrive in warm, humid climates, often found in rainforests, riverine forests, or on the edges of forests, preferring well-drained soils.
Uses: The primary use of species formerly in Rollinia, particularly Annona mucosa (biribá), is for their highly prized edible fruits. The fruit is consumed fresh, and its sweet, aromatic pulp is also used in desserts, juices, ice creams, and jellies. In some regions, the wood of certain species may be used for local construction or woodworking, though this is less common. Traditional medicinal uses, though less scientifically documented, have also been attributed to various parts of the plant in some indigenous cultures.
Cultivation: Annona mucosa (biribá) is cultivated on a small scale in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including its native range, as well as parts of Southeast Asia and Africa. It prefers full sun, high humidity, and rich, well-drained soil. Propagation is typically by seed, though grafting can be used to ensure fruit quality and accelerate bearing.