Politics of Andorra

The Politics of Andorra takes place in a framework of a parliamentary co-principality, a unique constitutional system where two co-princes serve as the heads of state, while the Head of Government exercises executive power. Andorra is a sovereign, democratic, and independent state, characterized by its historical neutrality and strong ties to its two larger neighbors, France and Spain.

Government System

Andorra's political system is defined by its 1993 Constitution, which established a parliamentary democracy while retaining the historical co-principality. This system balances traditional institutions with modern democratic principles, ensuring the separation of powers and protection of fundamental rights.

Executive Branch

The executive power in Andorra is divided between the two Co-Princes (as symbolic heads of state) and the Head of Government (who holds effective executive power).

Co-Princes

The two Co-Princes (Catalan: ''Coprínceps'') serve as the joint heads of state. This unique arrangement dates back to a 1278 feudal agreement (the ''Pareatges''). The Co-Princes are:

The President of France (currently Emmanuel Macron)
The Bishop of Urgell (currently Joan Enric Vives Sicília), a diocese located in Spain.

Their role is largely symbolic, representing the continuity and independence of Andorra. They act as "supreme representatives" and "moderators" of the state, ensuring respect for the Constitution and institutions. Their powers include:

Jointly signing international treaties.
Promulgating laws.
Appointing judges.
Exercising a limited veto power over legislation (though this power has rarely been used).
They are represented in Andorra by their respective personal representatives.

Head of Government

The Head of Government (Catalan: ''Cap de Govern'') is the chief executive officer of Andorra. The Head of Government is nominated by the General Council (parliament) and formally appointed by the Co-Princes. The Head of Government:

Presides over the Executive Council (cabinet).
Determines government policy.
Represents Andorra in international affairs.
Is accountable to the General Council.

Legislative Branch

Andorra's legislative power is vested in a unicameral parliament.

General Council

The General Council (Catalan: ''Consell General de les Valls'' – General Council of the Valleys) is the parliament of Andorra. It comprises 28 members (General Councillors) elected for a four-year term.

14 members are elected from national lists (proportional representation).
14 members are elected from the seven parishes, with two members from each parish. The General Council debates and approves laws, oversees the government, and elects the Head of Government.

Judicial Branch

The judiciary is independent and autonomous, with judges and magistrates appointed by the High Council of Justice. The judicial system consists of:

The Tribunal de Batlles (lower court).
The Tribunal de Corts (higher court for civil, criminal, and administrative cases).
The Superior Court of Justice (highest court of appeal).
The Constitutional Court ensures the supremacy of the Constitution.

Electoral System

Andorra's electoral system for the General Council uses a mixed-member proportional representation. Voters cast two ballots: one for a national list and one for a parish list. This system aims to balance national political representation with local interests.

Political Parties

Andorra has a multi-party system, with several political parties active in national and local politics. Major parties and their general ideologies include:

[[Democrats for Andorra]] (DA): Centre-right, liberal-conservative.
[[Social Democratic Party]] (PS): Centre-left, social-democratic.
[[Liberal Party of Andorra]] (PLA): Centre-right, liberal.
[[Thirdway]] (CC): Centre, generally liberal.
[[Action for Andorra]] (ACC): Centre-left. Other smaller parties and electoral coalitions may also contest elections.

Foreign Relations

Andorra maintains an active foreign policy, focusing on European cooperation, environmental protection, and cultural promotion. While not a full member of the European Union, it has special agreements, including a customs union and a monetary agreement allowing it to use the Euro. Andorra is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Its diplomatic relations are primarily focused on its neighboring countries and international organizations.

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