The Nilgiri wood pigeon (Columba elphinstonii) is a large pigeon species endemic to the Western Ghats mountain range in southern India. It is also known as the Nilgiri hill pigeon.
Description The Nilgiri wood pigeon is a robust pigeon, typically measuring between 38 and 42 cm in length. Its plumage is predominantly dark slate-grey with a distinct greenish-metallic sheen on the upperparts. A key identifying feature is the unique checkerboard pattern of black and white markings on the nape and hindneck, which is iridescent purple and green when seen in good light. The underside is a paler grey, often with a purplish wash. Its eyes are yellow with a red orbital ring, and the bill is purplish-red with a yellow tip. The legs and feet are crimson. Juveniles are duller and lack the distinct neck patch, which develops as they mature.
Taxonomy and Etymology The species was first described by Colonel W.H. Sykes in 1832. Its scientific name, Columba elphinstonii, honors Mountstuart Elphinstone, a Scottish statesman and historian who served as the Governor of Bombay. "Nilgiri" refers to the Nilgiri Hills, part of its primary habitat.
Habitat and Range This pigeon is restricted to the montane evergreen forests (sholas) of the Western Ghats, including the Nilgiri Hills, Anaimalai Hills, Palani Hills, Brahmagiri Hills, and Cardamom Hills. It typically inhabits broadleaf forests at elevations ranging from 600 to 2,500 meters (2,000 to 8,200 feet), although it may descend to lower elevations in winter in search of food.
Behavior and Ecology The Nilgiri wood pigeon is primarily arboreal, spending most of its time in the forest canopy.
- Diet: Its diet consists mainly of fruits, berries, and seeds, particularly those of laurels, figs, and other forest trees. It plays an important role in seed dispersal within its ecosystem.
- Foraging: It forages quietly in the upper canopies, often solitary or in small groups. When disturbed, it flies away with powerful wingbeats, often making a distinctive clatter.
- Vocalization: Its call is a deep, booming "hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo" or a series of cooing notes, characteristic of larger pigeons.
- Breeding: Breeding typically occurs from March to July. The nest is a flimsy platform of twigs placed high in a tree. A single white egg is usually laid. Both parents incubate the egg and care for the chick.
Conservation Status The Nilgiri wood pigeon is classified as Near Threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
- Threats: The primary threats to this species are habitat loss and fragmentation due to deforestation for agriculture, plantations (tea, coffee, cardamom), logging, and human encroachment. It is also occasionally hunted for food. Its specialized diet and reliance on intact montane forests make it particularly vulnerable to environmental changes.
- Conservation Efforts: Conservation efforts focus on protecting its remaining forest habitats, promoting sustainable land use practices, and raising awareness about the species' importance. Its presence is often an indicator of a healthy shola forest ecosystem.