The lowland anoa (Bubalus depressicornis), also known as the dwarf buffalo, is a small bovine native to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is one of two recognized species of anoa, the other being the mountain anoa (Bubalus quarlesi). The lowland anoa inhabits tropical lowland forests, swamps, and riverine habitats, typically below 1,500 m elevation.
Taxonomy and nomenclature
- Kingdom: Animalia
- Phylum: Chordata
- Class: Mammalia
- Order: Artiodactyla
- Family: Bovidae
- Subfamily: Bovinae
- Genus: Bubalus
- Species: B. depressicornis
The specific epithet depressicornis refers to the relatively low‑set, short horns characteristic of the species.
Physical description
The lowland anoa is the smaller of the two anoa species, standing approximately 70 cm (27 in) at the shoulder and weighing 120–150 kg (260–330 lb). Its body is robust with a compact build. The coat is dark brown to black, coarse, and often appears shaggy, especially on the hindquarters. Horns are short, thin, and curve slightly outward; they are set low on the skull, giving the species its name. Males and females are similar in appearance, with no pronounced sexual dimorphism.
Distribution and habitat
Endemic to Sulawesi, the lowland anoa occurs in the island’s central, eastern, and southern lowland rainforests, as well as in swampy lowland areas and mangrove fringes. It prefers dense understory where it can browse on foliage while remaining concealed from predators.
Ecology and behavior
- Diet: Primarily a browser, feeding on leaves, shoots, fruits, and aquatic plants.
- Activity pattern: Mostly crepuscular and nocturnal, reducing exposure to human activity.
- Social structure: Typically solitary or found in small family groups of up to three individuals; larger aggregations are uncommon.
- Reproduction: Females have a gestation period of roughly 300 days, usually giving birth to a single calf. Calving can occur at any time of year, though peaks may align with seasonal food availability.
Conservation status
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the lowland anoa as Endangered. Primary threats include habitat loss from logging, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development, as well as hunting for meat and hide. Population estimates are uncertain but are believed to be declining, with fragmented subpopulations across the island.
Conservation measures
- Inclusion in protected areas such as national parks (e.g., Lore Lindu National Park).
- Enforcement of anti‑poaching regulations.
- Community‑based awareness programs aiming to reduce hunting pressure.
- Ongoing research to clarify population size, distribution, and ecological requirements.
References
- IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Bubalus depressicornis (2022 assessment).
- Wilson, D. E., & Mittermeier, R. A. (2009). Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions.
- Sulawesi Wildlife Conservation reports, various years.
Note: Information presented reflects current scientific consensus as of 2024.