Harney County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,493, making it the second-least populous county in Oregon. The county seat is Burns.
Harney County is the largest county in Oregon by land area, encompassing 10,226 square miles (26,485 km²), which is roughly the size of the state of Maryland. Its vast, sparsely populated landscape is characterized by high desert, sagebrush plains, and mountain ranges, including a significant portion of the Steens Mountain.
History
Harney County was established on February 25, 1889, from the western two-thirds of Grant County. It was named for General William S. Harney, an officer in the U.S. Army who led a military expedition through the area in 1858. Prior to American settlement, the region was historically inhabited by the Northern Paiute people.
The area's early economy was dominated by ranching, particularly cattle, which continues to be a vital industry. Timber harvesting also played a significant role, especially around the towns of Burns and Hines, which developed with the establishment of large lumber mills in the early 20th century.
Geography
Harney County is known for its diverse and often starkly beautiful geography. Key features include:
- Malheur National Wildlife Refuge: A critical habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife, attracting birdwatchers from around the world.
- Steens Mountain: A massive fault-block mountain that rises dramatically from the Alvord Desert, offering unique ecosystems, glacial lakes, and panoramic views.
- Alvord Desert: A vast, flat playa where land speed records have been attempted.
- Harney Basin: A closed drainage basin, meaning its waters do not flow to the ocean. It contains Malheur Lake and Harney Lake.
The county's elevation ranges from approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 meters) on the valley floor to over 9,700 feet (3,000 meters) on Steens Mountain.
Demographics and Economy
The county's population is concentrated in its two main cities, Burns and Hines, which are located near the geographic center of the county. The economy is primarily based on agriculture (ranching and hay production), government services, and to a lesser extent, tourism and outdoor recreation.
Due to its vast open spaces and diverse landscapes, Harney County is a popular destination for hunting, fishing, birdwatching, hiking, and exploring remote wilderness areas.
Government
The county seat is Burns, where the county government offices are located. Harney County is governed by a three-member Board of County Commissioners.