Eski Kermen is an archaeological site and historic fortified settlement located on the Crimean Peninsula, near the modern town of Bakhchysarai in the Republic of Crimea. The name derives from Turkic elements: eski meaning “old” and kermen meaning “fortress” or “stronghold”.
Location and Geography
The site is situated on a limestone outcrop overlooking the Kizil-Yar River valley. Its strategic position provided natural defensive advantages and controlled access routes between the interior of Crimea and the coastal areas.
Historical Overview
The earliest occupation layers at Eski Kermen date to the late antiquity period (3rd–5th centuries CE). Subsequent phases of construction and habitation are attributed to:
- Byzantine influence during the early medieval period, when the fortress likely served as a local administrative and military centre.
- Khazar presence in the 7th–9th centuries, as indicated by material culture typical of Khazar settlements found at the site.
- Crimean Tatar usage in later centuries, reflecting the region’s shifting political control and the continued relevance of the fortress as a defensive outpost.
The settlement was eventually abandoned, and the ruins fell into disuse by the early modern period.
Archaeological Research
Systematic archaeological investigations have been conducted at Eski Kermen since the mid‑20th century. Excavations have uncovered:
- Defensive walls constructed of stone and mortar, featuring towers and gate complexes.
- Residential structures within the fortified enclosure, including dwellings and storage facilities.
- Artifacts such as pottery fragments, metal tools, and coins that assist in dating the occupational phases.
These findings contribute to the broader understanding of settlement patterns and fortification strategies in the Crimean Peninsula throughout antiquity and the medieval era.
Cultural Significance
Eski Kermen is recognized as a valuable cultural heritage site, illustrating the layered history of Crimea’s diverse peoples and empires. The site is protected under regional heritage legislation, and it is accessible to researchers and, in part, to the public for educational purposes.
Etymology
The toponym “Eski Kermen” reflects the Turkic linguistic influence that became prominent in Crimea following the migration of Kipchak and later Crimean Tatar groups. The literal translation, “old fortress,” emphasizes the site's antiquity relative to later constructions in the area.
Current Status
As of the latest reports, the site remains under the supervision of local heritage authorities, with ongoing preservation efforts aimed at stabilizing the remaining structures and preventing further deterioration. No major reconstruction projects have been undertaken, preserving the authenticity of the archaeological remains.