Carolina is a municipality located in the state of Maranhão in the Northeast Region of Brazil. It is part of the mesoregion of Centro Maranhense and the microregion of Balsas.
Geography
- Coordinates: Approximately 12°49′S 45°24′W.
- Area: The municipal territory covers roughly 1,430 km².
- Elevation: The town centre lies at an elevation of about 200 m above sea level.
- Climate: The climate is classified as tropical semi‑arid (Köppen Aw), with a pronounced wet season from December to June and a dry season the remainder of the year.
Demographics
- Population: According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) estimate for 2022, Carolina had a population of about 20 000 inhabitants.
- Population density: Roughly 14 inhabitants per square kilometre, indicative of a sparsely populated rural area.
History
Carolina originated as a settlement in the 19th century, developing around agricultural activities and cattle ranching. It was officially elevated to municipal status in the early 20th century (exact year varies among sources). The name “Carolina” is believed to be derived from a personal name, a common practice for Brazilian toponyms of the period.
Economy
The local economy is primarily based on:
- Agriculture: Production of beans, corn, cassava, and rice.
- Livestock: Cattle raising for beef and dairy.
- Forestry and extraction: Limited timber extraction and collection of non‑timber forest products.
Small‑scale commerce and public services also contribute to employment within the municipal seat.
Administration
- Mayor (2021‑2024 term): The municipality is governed by an elected mayor (prefeito) and a municipal council (câmara de vereadores).
- Infrastructure: Carolina is accessed via regional highways connecting it to the larger city of Balsas and other neighboring municipalities. Basic health, education, and public utilities are administered at the municipal level, with support from state programs.
References
- Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). “Cidades@ – Carolina – Maranhão”.
- Ministério da Educação – Dados do Censo Escolar 2022.
All information reflects data available from official Brazilian governmental sources as of 2023.
