Wilmes began her political career at the local level. She has been active in municipal politics, notably serving on the city council of Luxembourg City. Her involvement in local governance provided a foundation for her eventual move to national politics.
In the 2023 Luxembourgish general election, Arlette Wilmes was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, representing the Centre constituency. As a Deputy, she participates in legislative processes, debates national policy, and scrutinizes government actions. Her political interests often align with the CSV's platform, focusing on areas such as sustainable development, social policy, and local community issues.