Anopina is a genus of moths in the family Tortricidae (leafroller moths), within the superfamily Tortricoidea. It was first described by the lepidopterist Nikolaus S. Obraztsov in 1962, based on an unpublished manuscript name originally proposed by August Busck.
Taxonomy and Classification
The genus belongs to the subfamily Tortricinae. Its tribal placement has varied across different classification systems: it has been assigned to the tribe Cnephasiini (in Obraztsov's original description), to Euliini (in the revision by Brown and Powell, 2000), and to Cochylini (in some later databases such as BOLD Systems). The type species of the genus is Anopina triangulana (Kearfott, 1908).
Description
Adult moths of Anopina are small to medium-sized, with forewings typically measuring 5.5–8 mm in length. The forewings are elongate, sometimes rather broad, with a gently arched costa and an acute apex. Wing markings among species are often similar, frequently featuring a subtrapezoidal or triangular patch at the middle of the costa. The male genitalia are characterized by a distinctively shaped sacculus of the valva, which is often armed with various processes or teeth. The uncus is smooth (never spined), and the gnathos is strong with an acute or spatulate middle process. In female genitalia, the corpus bursae is elongate and finely spinulate over a large surface, with no separate signum.
Distribution and Range
The genus ranges from southern Canada through the United States and Mexico to Costa Rica. Its greatest species richness occurs in the higher elevations of Mexico. According to BOLD Systems records, specimens have been collected from Canada, the United States, and Mexico.
Species Diversity
A major revision of the genus was published by John W. Brown and Jerry A. Powell in 2000 as Systematics of Anopina Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Euliini) (UC Publications in Entomology, Volume 120). This revision treated 62 species, of which 49 were described as new to science. The revision proposed 12 monophyletic species groups: Triangulana Group (13 species), Hilasma Group (2 species), Anotera Group (9 species), Parasema Group (3 species), Macrospinana Group (2 species), Chelatana Group (4 species), Incana Group (7 species), Confusa Group (4 species), Meredithi Group (2 species), Undata Group (1 species), Potosienses Group (3 species), and Silvertonana Group (7 species).
Notable species include Anopina triangulana (the type species), Anopina ednana, Anopina eleonora, Anopina arizonana, and Anopina silvertonana.
Biology
The larvae of Anopina are suspected to be leaf-litter feeders. Larvae of eight species have been described, and a key to these was provided in the 2000 revision. The genus includes species that are of potential agricultural interest, as the tribe Euliini includes pests of grapes, citrus, kiwi fruit, and pome fruits in New World tropical regions.
Etymology
According to Obraztsov (1962), the word Anopina, although apparently an arbitrary combination of letters, can be treated as a Latin noun of feminine gender.
