The Academic Legion (German: Akademische Legion) was a military organization formed by university students in Vienna during the Revolutions of 1848. It played a key role in toppling the government of Clemens Metternich and precipitating his retirement on 13 March 1848. The Legion dissolved in October 1848 when the Vienna Uprising was crushed.
History
The Legion, formed in 1848, was composed of about 6,000 university students. Although students were well represented in the revolutionary vanguard of most cities affected by the revolution during this time, nowhere had the university students played so important and prominent a part in the revolutionary movement as in Vienna. The students exercised a preponderant influence in the "central committee," the administrative body of the revolutionaries, which consisted of an equal number of students and members of the citizens' militia. Deputations of citizens and peasants came from all parts of Austria to present their grievances and petitions to the "Aula," the headquarters of the students, which had suddenly risen as an authority omnipotent in the opinion of the multitude.
When the imperial ministry was about to promulgate a new press law, which abolished the censorship but still contained many restrictions, its chief, Franz von Pillersdorf, requested the students to express their judgment about that law. On 15 May 1848, the students, at the head of the revolutionaries, obligated the government to revoke the constitution it had imposed and to promise the convocation of a constituent assembly to formulate a new constitution. The students successfully fended off various attempts of the government to dissolve their organization. They compelled the ministry to agree to the removal of the soldiery from the city of Vienna and to the formation of a committee of public safety, which was to consist principally of the members of the students' organization. So independent and so comprehensive a power was confided to it that in several important respects it was the equal of the ministry. Without its consent, no military force could be employed in the city. Thus, for a certain time, the students of Vienna effectively governed Austria.
In his Reminiscences, Carl Schurz described the uniforms of the Academic Legion worn by the Viennese representatives at the Eisenach Student Conference of 25 September – 4 October 1848:
"... black felt hats with ostrich plumes, blue coats with black shining buttons, tricolored, black-red-gold sashes, bright steel-handled swords, light-gray trousers, and silver-gray cloaks lined with scarlet. They looked like a troop of knights of old."
News of events that would develop into the end of the Legion's domination of Austrian politics came during the course of this conference. The imperial government had dispatched troops to Hungary to quell disturbances there. In response, the Viennese revolutionaries took to the streets. They lynched the imperial minister of war, Theodor Franz, Count Baillet von Latour, and drove government troops under Count Auersperg from the city. On 23 October 1848, Austrian field marshal Alfred Windischgrätz arrived with a large body of reinforcements, and by 31 October the rebellion was crushed, the Legion members having all fled or been killed or captured.
Organization
The Academic Legion was part of the National Guard and consisted of five corps: jurists (law students), medics (medical students), philosophers (arts and sciences students), polytechnicians (engineering students), and art academy students. Each corps comprised several companies, whose leaders were elected.
See also
- Vienna Uprising
- Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas
