2010 in Turkey was a significant year marked by a pivotal constitutional referendum, a major international incident that altered foreign relations, and continued economic recovery.
Politics and Government
The political landscape of Turkey in 2010 was dominated by several key developments:
- Constitutional Referendum: On September 12, Turkey held a constitutional referendum on a package of amendments proposed by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP). The amendments aimed to reform the judiciary, particularly the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK), as well as introduce changes to the military jurisdiction and expand civil rights. The "Yes" vote prevailed with 57.88% of the ballots cast, ushering in significant institutional changes. The referendum was viewed by the AKP government as a step towards greater democracy and civilian control, while opposition parties criticized it as an attempt to consolidate power and undermine the secular state.
- Ergenekon and Sledgehammer (Balyoz) Trials: The highly controversial Ergenekon and Sledgehammer trials, concerning alleged coup plots against the government, continued throughout the year. These high-profile cases involved numerous military officers, journalists, academics, and politicians, leading to significant political polarization and debate over the independence of the judiciary and the role of the military in politics.
- Kurdish Issue: Efforts to address the Kurdish issue, including the "Kurdish Opening" or "Democratic Initiative," continued but faced challenges amidst ongoing clashes between the Turkish Armed Forces and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
Foreign Relations
Turkish foreign policy in 2010 was characterized by increased activism and a major crisis:
- Gaza Flotilla Raid: On May 31, 2010, Israeli commandos boarded a convoy of six ships, known as the "Gaza Freedom Flotilla," which was attempting to break Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip. The raid on the Mavi Marmara, a Turkish-flagged vessel carrying humanitarian aid and activists, resulted in the deaths of nine Turkish citizens (a tenth died later from injuries) and numerous injuries. This incident severely strained relations between Turkey and Israel, leading to a downgrade in diplomatic ties and widespread condemnation from Turkey and the international community.
- "Zero Problems with Neighbors" Policy: Under Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu, Turkey continued to pursue its "zero problems with neighbors" policy, engaging in intensified diplomatic efforts with countries in the Middle East, Caucasus, and the Balkans. This included efforts to mediate in regional conflicts and strengthen economic ties.
- EU Accession: While official negotiations for accession to the European Union continued, progress remained slow, with several chapters blocked by Cyprus and France, and concerns raised by some EU members regarding human rights and freedom of expression in Turkey.
Economy
Turkey's economy demonstrated strong recovery in 2010 following the global financial crisis of 2008-2009:
- The country experienced robust economic growth, with GDP expanding significantly, driven by strong domestic demand and exports.
- Inflation remained a concern but was generally manageable.
- The government implemented policies aimed at fiscal discipline and attracting foreign investment.
Culture and Society
- Istanbul European Capital of Culture: Istanbul served as one of the European Capitals of Culture in 2010 (alongside Essen and Pécs). This designation led to a year-long program of cultural events, exhibitions, concerts, and urban regeneration projects, aimed at showcasing Istanbul's rich history and vibrant contemporary culture to a global audience.
- Social Issues: Debates surrounding freedom of expression, women's rights, and the role of religion in society continued to be prominent in the public discourse.